The Future in Cyberpunk :: Genre Literature Science Fiction Essays Papers

The Future in Cyberpunk Works Cited Missing The defining characteristics of the cyberpunk genre have been debated since the beginnings of the literary movement. Some authors, classified as cyberpunk, question the very existence of this label, while others are in constant disagreement about the traits that make up the literature. Authors such as Bruce Sterling believe that cyberpunk is the integration of technology and literature in a world where the gap between science fiction and reality is rapidly closing; however, others such as Lewis Shiner have formed the opinion that this literature is merely a product of pop culture, hence it should not have any true literary importance. Furthermore, cyberpunk is said to be the voice of the underground in modern society, and the vision of a new technological world. These theories represent the different views of the major authors in this genre, thus it becomes difficult to define a literary style from such opposing views. A more constructive method is to analyze the major characteristic s and styles used in the stories considered as cyberpunk. The negative portrayal of the integration of technology and society is a fundamental tenet of the literature, because it presents a pessimistic vision of scientific advancement. The genre's dark tones, seen in the styles of it's major authors, emphasize the bleak images throughout the futuristic fiction. The constant conflict between the individual and a technologically advanced society is a major theme of the genre, for it stresses man's insignificance. These characteristics are interwoven into the fabric of cyberpunk and form a bleak image of science fiction and the future. The issue of technology and its integration into society is a major pillar of most science fiction; however, it is not an essential feature of cyberpunk. The concepts of cyberpunk literature are futuristic, but technology is not prevalent in the literature. In "Rock On" synthesizers, special effects, lasers, and other virtual objects bring forth images of the future and technology. But the major theme revolves around the fact that the main character is trapped in the constructs of this world. Another example is seen in "The Girl Who Was Plugged In", because the author took much care in trying to explain the possible scientific advances, yet again the major theme in the story is the character's struggle to find her individuality amongst the technology. Much of science fiction is about how the individual uses the technology to overcome the problems that confront him, conversely in the realm of cyberpunk the character's individuality is in conflict with the impersonalness of technology.

Ernest Hemingway, a Legacy for American Literature Essay

Some say that Hemingway’s personal life should disqualify him from the literature canon. They state that his torrent affairs, his alcoholism, and his mental state should preclude him from entry into the canon. These are the very things that help to make Hemingway a unique writer. Although his genre is fiction, he relies on his real life experiences with the people and places that he visited. The very definition of the literary canon disputes these critics. â€Å"The authors that represent the literary canon are those that are widely assigned in high school and college classrooms and have had a great influence on other authors. Literary critics and historians frequently and fully discuss them. The works by these authors are most likely to be included in anthologies and studied as World Masterpieces, Major English Authors, or Great American Writers. † (Goodvin) Hemingway’s influences on other writers and his worldwide acclaim, along with his distinctive style have earned him a spot in the American Literature canon. Ernest Hemingway was once one of the most prominent people on the earth. Numerous countries respect Hemingway and his writing style. His creative writing details the lives and life’s lessons of people such as bullfighters, anglers, and soldiers. His portrayal of these men of courage who were seemingly indifferent to joy, grief, pleasure, and pain won him acclaim from critics all over the world. â€Å"His legendary writing style, influenced by Ezra Pound and Gertrude Stein,† (American Authors) is direct, to the point, and spoken in an even tone. This style is suited to his main subject matter. His straightforward no frills writing style became so well known that many others frequently copied it. Some literary critics consider Hemingway, as â€Å"the father of The Lost Generation, a subcategory, of the American Modernist Period in literature. † (Goodvin) Hemingway’s literary legacy is his off hand, direct story telling prose, which has been a helpful model for numerous novelist of the twentieth century. â€Å"The impact of Hemingway’s style on American Literature is massive. It still has influence today. † (American Authors) His style influenced so many authors that his style is in a great deal of fiction today written by other authors who copied it. Some of the authors of today are influenced either directly by Hemingway or indirectly through other writers who emulated his style. James Nagel, Professor of American Literature at the University of Georgia, said it best,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"No other writer has equaled Hemingway in portraying a cultural image that links the time-honored masculine virtues of power, honesty, and fortitude. † His writings reveal an unwavering commitment to literature and to the integrity of his craft. He captures the essence of the human experience in a writing style that is uncomplicated, direct, modest, and pleasingly stylish. Hemingway learned to write in controlled and understated prose as a cub reporter for the Kansas City Star. This style has served him well and he used it in the best of his works. Hemingway’s simple style, absent of elaborate extremes and metaphoric add-ons has influenced many of today’s reporters in almost all multi media such as newspapers, magazines and even television news. The refinement of Hemingway’s writing style draws from the precision with which he illustrates the character, personality, and temperament of individual experience. In his own time, Hemingway affected writers within his modernist literary circle. According to Kenneth Lynn, â€Å"James Joyce called A Clean, Well Lighted Place, one of the best stories ever written. â€Å"Hemingway’s style portrayed the truth of the situation. He influenced writers such as â€Å"Jack Kerouac, The Subterraneans (1958)† (American Authors), and other Beat Generation writers. J. D. Salinger, writer of The Catcher in the Rye (1951), â€Å"is said to have wanted to be a great American short story writer in the same stratum as Hemingway. † (Qtd Lynn 416) â€Å"Hemingway’s abrupt prose style is known to have inspired Bret Easton Ellis, Less than Zero (1985), Chuck Palahniuk, Fight Club (1996), Douglas Coupland, Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture (1991) and many other Generation X writers. † (Burgess) Even when Hemingway was in his early stages of writing, when he was just developing into the writer he would become, noted novelist such as Stein, Ford, Ezra Pound, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and James Joyce proclaimed him the next great American novelist. (Burgess) Hemingway’s influence goes beyond the more recognized fiction authors. His tightly written prose is in quite a bit of Western and Crime genre novels by Elmore Leonard. (American Authors) Leonard once said, â€Å"I learned by imitating Hemingway? Although, I didn’t take myself or anything as seriously as he did. † (Qtd. Burgess) Hemingway’s impact on Latin American Literature can be seen in the works of Gabriel Garcia Marquez, who imitated Hemingway’s view of man’s struggle with the sea in many of his novels. Marquez not only emulates Hemingway’s view, he also duplicates his writing style. (Burgess) Hemingway’s first three books, Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923), In Our Time (short stories, 1924), and The Torrents of Spring (a novel, 1926), had fascinated critics chiefly because of his literary style. Hemingway’s first novel, The Sun Also Rises (1926), won him worldwide fame. A plot less story concerning disheartened refugees in Paris who break away from their boredom with alcohol consumption, fighting, and sex; this novel turned out to be the standard by which all other writers of the lost generation would be compared. Hemingway only improved his writing style with his next book, A Farewell to Arms (1929), based on his wartime experience in Italy. His coverage of the Spanish Civil War as a correspondent spawned another fine novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). Hemingway’s novella, The Old Man and the Sea, (1952) first published in Life magazine and was never meant to be a book. It is a fundamental story about an elderly Cuban fisherman; the book won the Pulitzer Prize. According to Lynn, â€Å"it was mentioned as one of the reasons he was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize for literature. † (Burgess) Hemingway also published several other short stories, which glorify masculinity, courage, and the value of life itself. Although, some of these short stories are not as popular as his novels, they do play an integral role in understanding just how enormous Hemingway’s influence on American Literature has been. Although Hemingway has many works, his truth in writing always remains the same. His portrayal of life has also been significant, for he portrays a truthful world of selfishness and hostility, of conflict that naturally occurs in relationships and the cruelty of war, which has everlasting effects on the psyche of his major characters. His theme of the effects of violence and the consequences of greed has a profound effect in the lives of his characters. Jake Barnes is sexually dysfunctional in â€Å"The Sun Also Rises,† and he cries in the private over his infatuation for Brett Ashley. In â€Å"A Farewell to Arms,† Frederic Henry has seen the destruction of war, which pales in comparison to the loss of the one woman he loved. In â€Å"For Whom the Bell Tolls† there is not only the loss to the people of Spain, there is a private defeat as well, as Robert Jordan is about to die just as he finds his one true love in Maria. In â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea,† Hemingway depicts an aged Santiago searching for dignity in old age. He must win a long fight with a marlin to prove, one final time, that he can still be a functional member of society. It is as writer that Hemingway merits the consideration of the American Literature canon. He is defiantly one of the best prose stylists in American Literature. His astonishing short stories portray the agonizing realities of his age and forces into public view a comprehension of the realities of war. The exploits of Nick Adams paint a picture of the agonies faced by the adolescents of his generation; Hemingway’s four most popular novels trace the distressing confusion of life, for all time. Hemingway makes clear in â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea† that even in the distress of life there can be dignity in determination and pride in dedication when performing a task, which everyone says cannot be done. As a novelist, Hemingway was perfection. It is in the truthfulness, which he approaches his writing and the expertise above all, which will carry on. Works Cited American Authors. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway. † All Experts Encyclopedia. 1999. 21 Mar. 2007 http://en. allexperts. com/e/e/er/ernest_hemingway. htm#hd9 Burgess, Anthony â€Å"Ernest Hemingway and His World. † 1st ed. 1978. Norwich: Thames and Hudson. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 6th Ed. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway. † Columbia University Press. 2003. 20 Mar. 2007 www. cc. columbia. edu/cu/cup/ Goodvin, Renee. â€Å"A Canon of Classic Novels. â€Å" The Literary Explorer. The Blonde Librarian. 2005. 19 Mar. 2007. http://literaryexplorer. blondelibrarian. net/classicnovels. html Lynn, Kenneth. â€Å"Hemingway† United States: Harvard. 2002 Nagel, James. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway: A Centennial Assessment. † Hemingway a Retrospective CNN. com. 1999. 23 Mar. 2007 http://www. cnn. com/SPECIALS/books/1999/hemingway/stories/nagel/index. html

The Issue of Gun Control - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 718 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/03/19 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Gun Control Essay Did you like this example? As we all know, gun control has been a rising issue in the United States since the early 2000s. This is because of the extremely high number of mass shootings that have occurred in America in these recent years. Between 2000 and 2014 there were at least 126 mass shootings. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Issue of Gun Control" essay for you Create order The United States has highest rate of gun violence in the world. There are more guns than people. There is a never-ending controversy on whether gun control laws should be stricter, remain the same, or even be less strict. I interviewed one of my friends to see what his opinion was about the issue. I first asked him his stance. He doesnt think there should be more restrictions on gun control. When I asked him why he felt this way he gave me a couple reasonings. First, as most people with this belief would say, he said that if someone wanted to kill other people they would find a way regardless of what the law says. Another common saying is guns dont kill people, people kill people. Gun violence occurs because some people dont respect the right all Americans have to live. Guns arent the problem. He gave me an example to back up his claim as well. He said that the United Kingdom has very strict gun control laws, but violent crime rate hasnt decreased, it has actually risen. In fact, their crime rate has doubled since they passed the Firearms amendment that banned hand guns and made overall stricter gun regulations (Gun Facts). People found other ways to kill others, such as stabbing. The United Kingdoms homicide rate has always been lower than the United States due to cultural differences, not differences in the law. Next, he said there are already a lot of regulations you need to go through in order to purchase a gun. Things that disqualify you from having a gun include being a fugitive, an addict, have been convicted, are mentally ill, have had a restraining order against you, are dishonorably discharged from the military, are not a legal citizen, and more. The laws also vary in different states. I, however, disagree with this. I believe it should definitely be harder to purchase a gun than it is. And I also believe its too easy to purchase one illegally and something needs to be done about that. You dont even need a background check if you buy a gun online, at a gun show, or through a private sale (Criminal Watch Dog). Another reason he stated is that guns are how we protect ourselves from a tyrannical government, which I guess is true and the whole reason we have the Second Amendment in the first place. The Second Amendment states, A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. The whole reason of this amendment is because way back when we needed to protect ourselves, so the government wouldnt abuse its power. He said that the first step to taking away peoples rights is taking away their right to bear arms. The example he gave is Nazi Germany. They were being abused by the government and werent allowed to fight back and also couldnt fight back because they were not allowed to bear arms. This resulted in the death of five to six million Jews, more than three million Soviet prisoners of war, more than two million Soviet civilians, more than one million Polish civilians, more the one million Yugoslav civilians, about 70,000 handicapped civilians, and more than 200,000 gypsies (The Telegraph). I believe there will forever be an on-going debate about the issue and no matter what solution we come up with people are going to be upset and disagree. I dont think I know enough to have a complete stance on this topic. I think I am neutral. I agree with some things my friend talked about such as people are always going to find a way to kill other people, but I disagree that gun control laws are already strict enough. I think people should have to go through a bigger, more improved process in order to purchase a fire arm. I also think that we shouldnt completely take away the Second Amendment, but maybe revise it.